Massapequa, NY — Crash Data, Roads, History & Law
Massapequa is an unincorporated hamlet in the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York, with 21,355 residents at the 2020 Census. Federal crash records show 14 fatal crashes that killed 14 people within its boundaries from 2010 through 2024 — 8 of them on foot. Sunrise Highway (NY 27) accounted for more of those deaths (7) than any other road. Residents who commute travel an average of 37.1 minutes each way.
Long Island Town Fact Book · Updated · Sources & method
Massapequa at a glance
- Status
- Hamlet (unincorporated; census-designated place)
- Town
- Oyster Bay
- County
- Nassau County
- Population (2020 Census)
- 21,355[C]
- Housing units (2020)
- 7,375
- Land area
- 3.56 sq mi (plus 0.43 sq mi of water)
- Density
- 6,001 people per sq mi
- Average commute
- 37.1 minutes[B]
- Traffic deaths, 2010–2024
- 14[A]
- ZIP Codes
- 11758, 11762
- Founded / settled
- Long Island Press history articles date the area's first substantial house, Thomas Jones' "Old Brick House," to shortly after Jones received the 300-acre Fort Neck tract in 1696.[2][3]
- Former names
- Fort Neck[2]
- Legal status
- Unincorporated hamlet and census-designated place in the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, distinct from the neighboring Incorporated Village of Massapequa Park[1]
- Fort Neck grant
- 1696, 300 acres given to Thomas Jones by Capt. Thomas Townsend[2]
- Tryon Hall / Fort Neck House
- Built 1770 by David Jones; renamed Fort Neck House after the Revolution; destroyed by fire in 1940[1][3]
- Police
- Nassau County Police Department, Seventh Precinct (3636 Merrick Road, Seaford)[9]
- Prior written notice law
- Town of Oyster Bay Code Ch. 160, "Notification of Defects" (adopted 1982, amended in its entirety 2003)[11]
- Census geography
- Massapequa CDP · GEOID 3645986 · GNIS 2390130
- Coordinates
- 40.6683°N, 73.4715°W
Hamlets in New York have no legal boundary or government of their own. Figures here use the Census Bureau's census-designated place, the standard statistical outline for the community; local usage of the name can be wider or narrower.
Fatal crashes in Massapequa, 2010–2024
From January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2024, 14 people died in 14 crashes on public roads inside Massapequa, according to the federal Fatality Analysis Reporting System.[A] Pedestrians account for 8 of those deaths (57%). The deadliest year was 2010, with 2 deaths.
- Fatal crashes
- 14
- People killed
- 14
- Pedestrians
- 8
- Bicyclists
- 0
- Motorcyclists
- 1
- Vehicle occupants
- 5
2024 figures come from NHTSA's Annual Report File and may be revised.
View the chart as a table
| Year | Fatal crashes | Deaths |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 2 | 2 |
| 2011 | 1 | 1 |
| 2012 | 1 | 1 |
| 2013 | 1 | 1 |
| 2014 | 1 | 1 |
| 2015 | 1 | 1 |
| 2016 | 0 | 0 |
| 2017 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 | 1 | 1 |
| 2020 | 1 | 1 |
| 2021 | 1 | 1 |
| 2022 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | 0 | 0 |
| 2024 | 1 | 1 |
Roads where people died
| Road | Crashes | Deaths |
|---|---|---|
| Sunrise Highway (NY 27) | 7 | 7 |
| Broadway | 4 | 4 |
| Route 107 | 2 | 2 |
| Merrick Road | 1 | 1 |
Road names as recorded by police and normalised to common Long Island names.
When and where
- Of the 14 crashes with a recorded time, 6 happened between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m., 4 between 4 and 8 p.m., 4 between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and 0 between 6 and 10 a.m.
- 43% happened in darkness.
- 0 of the 14 deaths were on expressways or parkways; 14 were on arterials and local streets.
Who owns the roads where they happened (2015–2024)
FARS has recorded the owner of the roadway since 2015. Of the 8 fatal crashes in Massapequa since then:
- State highways 4 (50%)
- Town roads 4 (50%)
Ownership matters in New York because claims against a county, town, city or village generally require a notice of claim within 90 days (General Municipal Law § 50-e), while claims against the State are brought in the Court of Claims under Court of Claims Act § 10. This is general information, not legal advice.
Rate: 4.4 traffic deaths per 100,000 residents per year, against 5.8 for Nassau County. This is a resident-based rate, not a measure of how risky the roads are to drive: crashes are counted where they happen, not where the people involved live, so a small community crossed by a major highway shows a high rate.
Every fatal crash on record
| Date | Time | Road | Deaths | Who died | Light |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * | 6 p.m. | Route 107 at Sunrise Highway (NY 27) | 1 | Vehicle occupant | daylight |
| 7 p.m. | Merrick Road | 1 | Pedestrian | daylight | |
| 5 p.m. | Broadway at Grand Ave | 1 | Pedestrian | dark | |
| 1 p.m. | Broadway at Ontario Ave | 1 | Pedestrian | daylight | |
| 4 p.m. | Broadway at Boston Ave | 1 | Motorcyclist | daylight | |
| 9 p.m. | Sunrise Highway (NY 27) at Broadway | 1 | Pedestrian | dark | |
| 11 a.m. | Route 107 at Elm St | 1 | Vehicle occupant | daylight | |
| 4 a.m. | Sunrise Highway (NY 27) at Hicksville Rd | 1 | Vehicle occupant | dark | |
| 9 p.m. | Sunrise Highway (NY 27) | 1 | Pedestrian | dark | |
| 9 p.m. | Sunrise Highway (NY 27) | 1 | Pedestrian | dark | |
| 1 p.m. | Sunrise Highway (NY 27) at Broadway | 1 | Vehicle occupant | daylight | |
| 5 a.m. | Sunrise Highway (NY 27) | 1 | Vehicle occupant | daylight | |
| 10 p.m. | Sunrise Highway (NY 27) at Central Ave | 1 | Pedestrian | dark | |
| 11 a.m. | Broadway | 1 | Pedestrian | daylight |
FARS contains no names or personal identifiers. * 2024 records are preliminary. Download all 14 records (CSV) · How this was compiled
Recent Massapequa Incident Reports
Victor Murillo, 34, of Brooklyn Sentenced in Belt Parkway Staged-Crash Scheme That Ensnared Massapequa Driver
Victor Murillo, 34, of Brooklyn Sentenced in Belt Parkway Staged-Crash Scheme Th. August 27, 2026.
Early-Morning Burglary Reported in Massapequa at 4:10 A.M. Monday
Early-Morning Burglary Reported in Massapequa at 4:10 A.M. Monday. Nassau County. August 17, 2026.
Off-Duty Suffolk Officer from Massapequa Run Over by Own Boat After Wake Ejects Occupants
Off-Duty Suffolk Officer from Massapequa Run Over by Own Boat After Wake Ejects Occupants. Suffolk County. July 2, 2026.
Homicide Arrest Made in North Massapequa After Monday, June 29 Killing
Homicide Arrest Made in North Massapequa After Monday, June 29 Killing. Nassau County. June 30, 2026.
Family Disturbance at 285 North Oak St. Injures One, Shuts Down North Massapequa Streets
Family Disturbance at 285 North Oak St. Injures One, Shuts Down North Massapequa. Nassau County. June 29, 2026.
Massapequa Man Arrested Following Late-Night Incident on June 25, 2026
Massapequa Man Arrested Following Late-Night Incident on June 25, 2026. Nassau County. June 25, 2026.
Updated continuously from 511NY, NYSP, NCPD, and SCPD feeds — all Long Island reports.
Dangerous Roads in Massapequa
Roads running through Massapequa where we've tracked three or more incidents. Each link opens a dedicated road × town breakout with a full incident timeline.
All reported crashes in the Town of Oyster Bay, 2021–2024
New York's crash file codes each crash to a town, city or village — never to a hamlet — so the finest official count that covers Massapequa is for the Town of Oyster Bay, which contains it. Police reported 26,324 crashes there from 2021 through 2024 — about 18 a day. 6,596 (25.1%) injured someone and 50 were fatal. [D]
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,993 | 6,897 | 6,658 | 6,776 | 26,324 |
- Injury crashes
- 6,596
- Fatal crashes
- 50
- Struck a pedestrian
- 295
- Struck a bicyclist
- 222
- Struck a deer
- 38
Counts are crashes, not people. The municipality is entered by the reporting police agency, and coding is less consistent for small villages, so compare places with care.
How Massapequa gets to work
Massapequa commuters travel an average of 37.1 minutes each way, 1.1 minutes longer than the Nassau County average (the national average is 26.4 minutes). About 67.4% of workers drive alone, and 7.5% ride the railroad. [B]
| Measure | Massapequa | Nassau County | New York State | United States |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average one-way commute | 37.1 min ±5.4 | 36 min | 32.6 min | 26.4 min |
| Commute 60 minutes or longer | 23.8% ±4.3 | 22.3% | 16.8% | 8.6% |
| Commute under 15 minutes | 18.2% ±3.6 | 17.9% | 20.5% | 26% |
| Drive alone | 67.4% ±1.6 | 60.7% | 48.8% | 68.8% |
| Carpool | 5% ±2.1 | 7.3% | 6.3% | 8.5% |
| Commuter rail (LIRR) | 7.5% ±2 | 7.1% | 1.8% | 0.3% |
| Bus | 0.2% ±0.3 † | 2.2% | 5.1% | 1.5% |
| Walk | 0.5% ±0.4 † | 2% | 5.6% | 2.4% |
| Work from home | 15.7% ±3.6 | 15.6% | 14.9% | 15.1% |
| Leave home before 6 a.m. | 12.7% ±2.9 | 10.8% | 10.6% | 14.4% |
| Households with no vehicle | 2.7% ±1.8 † | 6.8% | 29.2% | 8.4% |
| Households with three or more vehicles | 31.9% ±3.4 | 23.3% | 11.8% | 21.9% |
Survey estimates for 11,016 workers aged 16 and over; ± values are 90% margins of error. † Small sample — the margin of error is large relative to the estimate, so treat the figure as indicative only. Travel-time rows exclude people who work from home.
Notable facts about Massapequa
- Thomas Jones, an Irish-born former privateer, received 300 acres of Massapequa-area land called "Fort Neck" from Capt. Thomas Townsend in 1696; by his death in 1713 he had amassed roughly 6,000 acres stretching to Jones Beach, later named for him.[2]
- Tryon Hall, a 90-foot mansion built in Massapequa in 1770 by David Jones, sheltered British sympathizers during the Revolutionary War and was nicknamed the "Refugee House" before being renamed Fort Neck House.[1][3]
- The Fort Neck House mansion stayed in the Floyd-Jones family until 1920 and burned down in 1940; a marker was placed at its site, Beverly Road and Cartwright Boulevard, in 1992.[3]
- New York State Route 107 (Hicksville Road) begins in Massapequa at its junction with Merrick Road, according to the state's own touring-route description.[6]
- A federal judge in 2007 let a Massapequa teacher's First Amendment retaliation lawsuit over her support for President George W. Bush proceed against her school district.[7]
- The Town of Oyster Bay has designated seven landmarks inside Massapequa, including the Floyd Jones Library and the Floyd Jones Servant Cottage at Grace Church.[1]
History
Massapequa lies within the Town of Oyster Bay, whose own history dates the Town's founding to 1653, when it says the Native American leader it names as Mohannes sold land in the Town's northern portion to English colonists, followed by an English patent from Governor Sir Edmund Andros in 1667.[1]
The area's colonial history centers on the Jones family. A Long Island Press history article recounts that Thomas Jones, "a sailor born in Northern Ireland in 1665" who had served in King James II's army and as a privateer, befriended Capt. Thomas Townsend, who in 1696 "gave the Irish adventurer 300 acres of south Oyster Bay land near Massapequa known as 'Fort Neck.'"[2] Jones married Townsend's daughter, built a whaling station on the property in 1700, and by his death in 1713 had amassed roughly 6,000 acres stretching between Long Island's North and South Shores — land that later gave its name to Jones Beach.[2]
Jones' son David, described by a second Long Island Press article as a colonial judge and Speaker of the Assembly, built the area's first large mansion, Tryon Hall, in 1770 for his own son, also named Thomas Jones; the house was "a spacious building, 90 feet in length, overlooking South Oyster Bay."[3] During the Revolutionary War the mansion sheltered British sympathizers and was nicknamed the "Refugee House"; a Town of Oyster Bay history caption confirms it "was renamed Fort Neck House at the close of the Revolutionary War" and calls it "the first manor house along Merrick Road in Massapequa."[1] The house remained in the Floyd-Jones family until 1920 and was destroyed by fire in 1940; the Historical Society of the Massapequas erected a marker at the site, Beverly Road and Cartwright Boulevard, in 1992.[3]
A Town of Oyster Bay archival photograph dates the Massapequa Post Office and general store to about 1908, at the junction of Central Avenue and Broadway — a corner still associated with the hamlet's commercial center.[1]
How the roads got here
The New York State Department of Transportation's official touring-route description places the start of NY 107 (Hicksville Road) at "(Merrick Road) Massapequa," running north through Hicksville, Jericho and Brookville to Glen Cove — confirming that both NY 107 and Merrick Road (part of NY 27A) pass through Massapequa.[6]
Law and legal history
A First Amendment dispute involving a Massapequa public-school teacher reached federal court in Caruso v. Massapequa Union Free School District, 478 F. Supp. 2d 377 (E.D.N.Y. 2007).[7] The plaintiff, an elementary school teacher, alleged she was constructively discharged after her principal — married, the opinion notes, to a New York State Assemblyman — learned of her support for President George W. Bush, including a White House photograph she hung in her classroom.[7] The court denied the school district's motion for summary judgment on the teacher's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 First Amendment retaliation claim, allowing it to proceed, while granting summary judgment against her related New York Labor Law claim because she had not filed a timely notice of claim.[7]
In Matter of AVR-Massapequa, LLC v. Jefferson, 116 A.D.3d 851 (2d Dep't 2014), the Appellate Division affirmed a judgment directing Nassau County's Acting Treasurer to refund a Massapequa commercial property owner $46,459.70 in overpaid taxes, arising from an earlier tax-certiorari proceeding under RPTL Article 7.[10]
Cases of record
- Caruso v. Massapequa Union Free School District, 478 F. Supp. 2d 377 (E.D.N.Y. 2007)[7]
- U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, 2007. First Amendment retaliation suit by a probationary teacher against the school district serving Massapequa.The court denied summary judgment on the plaintiff's Section 1983 First Amendment retaliation claim, allowing it to proceed to trial, but granted summary judgment dismissing her state-law claim for failure to file a timely notice of claim.
- Matter of AVR-Massapequa, LLC v. Jefferson, 116 A.D.3d 851 (2d Dep't 2014)[10]
- Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Second Department, 2014. Article 78 proceeding to compel Nassau County to refund overpaid property taxes on a Massapequa commercial property following a tax-certiorari judgment.The Appellate Division affirmed a judgment directing Nassau County's Acting Treasurer to pay the petitioner $46,459.70 in tax refunds.
Each summary describes the cited decision only. Later appellate history is noted where we found it, but it has not been checked systematically — confirm a case's current status with a citator before relying on it. General information, not legal advice.
Government, courts and policing
As an unincorporated hamlet, Massapequa is governed as part of the Town of Oyster Bay, distinct from the adjoining Incorporated Village of Massapequa Park, which has its own municipal government.[1] Town of Oyster Bay Code Ch. 160, "Notification of Defects," adopted November 9, 1982 by Local Law No. 5-1982 and amended in its entirety on July 22, 2003 by Local Law No. 5-2003, bars suits against the Town over defective streets, sidewalks or crosswalks "unless written notice of such condition was actually served upon the Town Clerk."[11]
The Nassau County Police Department's Seventh Precinct, headquartered at 3636 Merrick Road in Seaford, states on its own "About Precinct" page that it "serves the communities of Merrick, Bellmore, Wantagh, North Wantagh, Seaford, Massapequa, North Massapequa, Massapequa Park and East Massapequa" — naming Massapequa specifically, separately from Massapequa Park.[9]
Criminal charges and smaller civil claims from Massapequa go to the Nassau County District Court in Hempstead, which the state court system describes as deciding "civil suits involving claims up to $15,000," handling "misdemeanors and lesser offenses," and arraigning "defendants accused of felonies."[12] Nassau County's Traffic & Parking Violations Agency, in Garden City, states its mission as "the timely adjudication of all traffic, parking and photo enforcement related offenses."[14] Larger civil matters, including tax certiorari and personal-injury actions, go to Nassau County Supreme Court in Mineola.[13]
Landmarks and listed places
- Floyd Jones Library — Town of Oyster Bay-designated landmark, dedicated December 14, 1999[1]
- Grace Church (Floyd Jones Servant Cottage), 4750 Merrick Rd. — Town of Oyster Bay-designated landmark, dedicated February 23, 1988[1]
- Old Grace Church, 4750 Merrick Rd. — Town of Oyster Bay-designated landmark, dedicated May 11, 1976[1]
- St. Gregory Nyssa Church, 1100 Hicksville Rd. — Town of Oyster Bay-designated landmark, dedicated May 5, 1987[1]
- Will Rogers House, 425 Clocks Blvd. — Town of Oyster Bay-designated landmark (private residence), dedicated February 6, 1990[1]
- Serpe House, 69 Cedar Shore Dr. — Town of Oyster Bay-designated landmark (private residence), dedicated October 9, 1979[1]
- 107 Eden Ave. — Town of Oyster Bay-designated landmark, dedicated April 26, 1983[1]
Massapequa timeline
- Town of Oyster Bay founding. The Town of Oyster Bay's own history dates its founding to a 1653 land sale by the Native American leader it names as Mohannes to English colonists, followed by an English patent from Governor Sir Edmund Andros in 1667.[1]
- Fort Neck grant to Thomas Jones. Capt. Thomas Townsend gave Thomas Jones, an Irish-born former privateer, 300 acres of south Oyster Bay land near Massapequa known as "Fort Neck."[2]
- Whaling station. Jones built a whaling station on the property.[2]
- Death of Thomas Jones. Thomas Jones died after living about 20 years on the Fort Neck homestead; he had by then amassed roughly 6,000 acres stretching between the North and South Shores, land that later gave its name to Jones Beach.[2]
- Post office and general store. A Town of Oyster Bay archival photo caption dates the Massapequa Post Office and general store to around 1908, at the junction of Central Avenue and Broadway.[1]
- Fort Neck House leaves Jones family. The Fort Neck House mansion remained in the Floyd-Jones family, descendants of the original Jones line, until 1920.[3]
- Fort Neck House destroyed. The mansion was destroyed by fire.[3]
- Historical marker. The Historical Society of the Massapequas erected a marker commemorating the Fort Neck House site at Beverly Road and Cartwright Boulevard.[3]
- Caruso v. Massapequa UFSD. A federal court let a teacher's First Amendment retaliation claim against the Massapequa Union Free School District proceed to trial while dismissing a related state-law claim.[7]
- AVR-Massapequa tax refund. Nassau County Supreme Court ordered the County to pay a Massapequa commercial property owner a tax refund of $46,459.70; the Appellate Division affirmed in 2014.[10]
Major roads in Massapequa
Emergency Resources
Hospitals
- Mount Sinai South Nassau — One Healthy Way, Oceanside, NY 11572 — (516) 632-3000 (Confirmed via the hospital's own site.)
- Good Samaritan University Hospital (Catholic Health) — 1000 Montauk Highway, West Islip, NY 11795 — (631) 376-3000 (State Department of Health trauma list shows Level I adult / Level II pediatric designation.)
Police
- Nassau County Police Department, Seventh Precinct — 3636 Merrick Road, Seaford, NY 11783 — (516) 573-6700 (Precinct's own page names Massapequa (as distinct from Massapequa Park) among the communities it serves. Emergencies: 911.)
Courts
- Nassau County District Court — 99 Main Street, Hempstead, NY 11550 — (516) 493-4200 (Civil claims up to $15,000, misdemeanors and lesser offenses, felony arraignments. Chief Clerk: (516) 493-4159.)
- Nassau County Traffic & Parking Violations Agency — 801 Axinn Avenue, Garden City, NY 11530 — (516) 572-2700 (County agency adjudicating traffic, parking and photo-enforcement offenses.)
- Nassau County Supreme Court — 100 Supreme Court Drive, Mineola, NY 11501 — (516) 493-3400 (Larger civil matters, including personal-injury actions and tax certiorari.)
Local Driver Services in Massapequa
Practical resources for Massapequa drivers — tire shops, gas prices, and live traffic conditions.
Safety Resources
Accident & Legal Resources — Massapequa
Frequently Asked Questions
What are traffic conditions like on Merrick Road in Massapequa?
Merrick Road (Alternate US-27) through Massapequa Park and Massapequa is one of the busiest commercial corridors in southern Nassau County. The stretch between Unqua Road and the Seaford border sees chronic congestion during peak hours, with frequent rear-end and angle collisions at commercial driveways. The intersection with Broadway is particularly hazardous.
How does the Seaford-Oyster Bay Expressway affect Massapequa?
Route 135 forms the western boundary of Massapequa, and its southern terminus at Sunrise Highway (near Exit 1) is a major traffic-generation point. The service roads parallel to Route 135 see high volumes of local traffic that conflicts with expressway ramp movements. The Massapequa Lake area near the expressway terminus is especially congested on weekends.
Where is the closest emergency room to Massapequa?
Mount Sinai South Nassau in Oceanside is approximately 15 minutes north and west and is the primary emergency facility for the Massapequa area. Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center in West Islip is approximately 15 minutes east and is a convenient alternative for residents in the eastern part of the hamlet.
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Data: machine-readable fact sheet (JSON) · fatal-crash records (CSV) · methodology and limits
References
Datasets
- [A] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), 2010–2024 national files. Retrieved September 17, 2026.Crashes on public trafficways in which a person died within 30 days. No personal identifiers. Placed by reported coordinates into 2020 Census boundaries.
- [B] U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020–2024 5-Year Estimates, tables B08303, B08013, B08301, B08302, B08201, B19013, B01002. Retrieved September 17, 2026.Survey estimates with 90% margins of error. lowReliability = coefficient of variation above 30%.
- [C] U.S. Census Bureau, TIGERweb — 2020 Census tabulation geography (POP100, HU100, AREALAND). Retrieved September 17, 2026.
- [D] New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Motor Vehicle Crashes — Case Information: Four Year Window. Retrieved September 17, 2026.Police-reported crashes coded to a town, city or village by the reporting agency. Hamlets are not coded; hamlet pages show the parent town.
Sources for history, roads and law
- [1] Town of Oyster Bay. Town History (n.d.). Government record.
- [2] Long Island Press (Schneps Media). The Haunted History of Maj. Thomas Jones' 'Old Brick House' at Massapequa Manor (2022). News report.
- [3] Long Island Press (Schneps Media). Massapequa's First Mansion (2015). News report.
- [6] New York State Department of Transportation, Office of Traffic Safety & Mobility. Official Description of Highway Touring Routes, Bicycle Touring Routes, Scenic Byways, & Commemorative/Memorial Designations in New York State (2017). Government record.
- [7] Caselaw Access Project, Harvard Law School Library. Caruso v. Massapequa Union Free School District, 478 F. Supp. 2d 377 (E.D.N.Y. 2007) (2007). Court decision.
- [9] Nassau County Police Department. About Precinct (Seventh Precinct) (n.d.). Government record.
- [10] Caselaw Access Project, Harvard Law School Library. Matter of AVR-Massapequa, LLC v. Jefferson, 116 A.D.3d 851 (2d Dep't 2014) (2014). Court decision.
- [11] Town of Oyster Bay, via eCode360. Code of the Town of Oyster Bay, Chapter 160, Notification of Defects (2003). Government record.
- [12] New York State Unified Court System. Nassau County District Court (2026). Court decision.
- [13] New York State Unified Court System. Nassau County Supreme Court (2026). Court decision.
- [14] Nassau County. Traffic & Parking Violations Agency (2026). Government record.
- [16] Mount Sinai Health System. Mount Sinai South Nassau (location page) (n.d.). Institution.
- [17] Catholic Health. Good Samaritan University Hospital (n.d.). Reference work.
- [18] New York State Department of Health. New York State Trauma Centers (n.d.). Government record.
Sources opened and checked September 17, 2026.